ABSTRACT
Before COVID, directors often deployed such elements to disrupt traditional theatre by staging site-specific pieces or having actors lip-sync recordings of absent others. Despite being forced to live in appalling conditions in an abandoned mental hospital with countless infected strangers, this resourceful woman never lost her vision or compassion. A central intercom announced that leaving the hospital would result in death.
ABSTRACT
Data from a unique survey of court-involved New Yorkers collected during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 provides evidence for a cycle of disadvantage involving penal control, material hardship, and health risk. We find evidence of chaotic jail conditions from March to May 2020 in the early phase of the pandemic, and high levels of housing and food insecurity, and joblessness for those leaving jail or with current criminal cases. The highest levels of material hardship—measured by housing insecurity, unemployment, shelter stays, and poor self-reported health—were experienced by those with mental illness and substance use problems who had been incarcerated.
ABSTRACT
Violent incidents, terrorist attacks, senseless shootings, health issues such as the Coronavirus, and natural disasters call attention to managerial leadership in crisis situations. Yukl and Van Fleet (1982) did the seminal work on this topic extended by Peterson and Van Fleet (2008) and Peterson et al. (2012). More recently, Geier (2016) reported findings based on firefighters while Htway and Casteel (2015) and Kapucu and Ustun (2018) studied public sector organizations. Since these studies all involved nonprofit organizations, an extension to for-profit organizations is warranted. There are differences between profit organizations and not-for-profit organizations (Collins, 2001;Collins, 2005). Because of the goals involved, there may be differences in the managerial leadership behaviors required by these types of organizations. Hannah and Parry (2013) specifically recommend expanding leadership research to many different extreme situations in an effort to understand different managerial leadership behaviors that adapt to varying crisis situations. Two samples reported here identify the critical managerial leadership behaviors desired by for-profit organizational participants in both stable and crisis situations. Finally, implications, limitations, and future research are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Krishnan and Park's communities of Jackson Heights and Elmhurst in New York City - home to a 75,000-strong, rapidly growing Asian American population - were the epicenter of not one, but two pandemics in 2020. As COVID-19 claimed the lives of their elders, trapped in nursing homes and cramped apartments, anti-Asian hate awaited them at every turn, stalking them on subway platforms and sidewalks. As these twin pandemics surged through their communities, their parks saved their lives. Their open spaces allowed them to escape the physical, mental, and social constraints of quarantine into fresh air. They allowed them to exist in community with their neighbors. And today, from daily t'ai chi ch'uan and yoga to annual Diwali, Eid, and Lunar New Year celebrations, their parks have become places of continued healing and growth. Here and across New York City, their public open spaces are essential to meeting the multiple challenges they face, from public health to public safety. They must recognize the extraordinary value of their park system and deepen their investment for all neighborhoods, and for future generations. Every community needs and deserves space to thrive.
ABSTRACT
This essay explores the Bodies in Transit archive, an artifact of mid-nineteenth-century public health administration in New York City. The ledgers, which tracked the transit of every corpse that moved through the island of Manhattan between 1859 and 1894 and categorized entrants by their cause of death, nationality, and occupation, present a unique lens through which I explore the intersections of speculation, biopolitics, and urban space. I first establish a conceptual framework of "speculation" by dissecting its etymological genealogy, the roots of which share a preoccupation with vision and sight. I note that in practice, the ing and rationalizing tendencies of speculation operate by envisioning, calculating, and coercing specific outcomes into realization. I apply this framework to Bodies in Transit to historicize the ways in which biopolitics, the means through which the state forms, represents, and manages populations, are indexed to speculative economic practices. I read Bodies in Transit through the framework of speculation to articulate a field of meaning that illuminates the complex material and epistemic conditions surrounding its implementation and utility. As I argue, the ledgers were a response to the acceleration of real estate speculation in Manhattan, a trend that incentivized property owners to disinter burial grounds to relocate corpses to rural areas, and thereby connected the speculative logics of real estate to those of public health, spatial order, and surveillance. By thinking across and through the layered meanings of "speculation," this essay illuminates how the state's economy of knowledge is intimately related to biopolitical practices of surveillance and representations of financial value in the modern city.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 has dramatically changed people's mobility patterns. This report aims to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on people's mobility through statistics and comparing the visits of POIs (Point-Of-Interests) in New York State in 2019 and 2020. The report uses data from SafeGraph, which is a data company. The raw data contains POI visits across the United States in 2019 and 2020. Considering the analysis size and difficulty of the data, POI visits from New York State are extracted for analysis, and POI locations are classified according to the tags provided by the source data. The scale of analysis is from macro to micro, and they are the total POI visits data of New York State based on different ways in 2019 and 2020, the POI visits of CBG (Census Block Group) division in New York City, and three representative POI samples to do individual analysis. The analysis methods are: (1) use line plot and bar plot statistics to compare the trends of POI visits data from 2019 to 2020, and (2) make the spatial visualization comparison, which includes grid map, scatter map, heatmap, and OD map, between the first peak of epidemic impact in the first full week of April 2019 and April 2020, and the scope is narrowed to New York City. Wherein the OD maps are drawn based on the CBG division. Compared to related work, the analysis object includes CBG, categories, and individual POI. In addition, the analysis method combines statistical graphs and spatial visualizations and explores the policy impact of the New York City government. This report adopts more multidimensional analysis methods and objects to improve the comprehensiveness and reliability of the analysis content. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Child welfare agencies and family courts have long removed children from allegedly abusive or neglectful parents as an ultimate means of ensuring a child's safety. The theory that high numbers of removals are necessary to keep children safe, however, had never been tested-there was no mechanism or political will to do so until the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. With the near-complete shutdown of New York City, the child welfare apparatus had no choice but to remove fewer children from their homes. Catastrophe did not ensue. Rather, the numbers tell a different story. Children remained safe across a range of metrics, avoided the trauma of removal from their homes during a global pandemic, and experienced sustained safety as the City began to reopen. This Piece argues that New York's child welfare system must learn from COVID-19 and significantly curtail its drastic measure of removing children from their families, which can cause substantial, often irreparable trauma to children. It uses the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study to demonstrate the safety and soundness of reserving removals (also known as remands) for only the most extreme circumstances. This Piece focuses on the dramatic reduction of removals specifically during the pandemic;examines the traumatic, racially biased, and overused practice of family separation from a child's perspective;and calls for specific reforms within the existing system to reduce remands while protecting children's safety.
ABSTRACT
In this essay, the author reflects on how a near death case of COVID in the first weeks of the pandemic informs a larger theory of the relationship between race, tem-porality, and racial capitalism. By examining the links between race, time, and breathe across time and space-from the plantation to the uprisings of the Black Lives Matter movement-the author argues that the pandemic in not an exception to the normal but as a dispersed amplification of it.
ABSTRACT
The current study estimates the varying effects of the pandemic on gun violence by social distancing type, fatality, and location. Interrupted time series analyses are used to examine weekly crime data from 2016 to 2020 in New York City. Box-Cox power transformation and GARCH techniques are used to address the problems of non-normality and heteroscedasticity in the models. There were significant increases in fatal and non-fatal shootings during the relaxation of social distancing. The impact of the BLM protests and depolicing is significant for non-fatal shootings. The pandemic led to greater increases in gun violence in The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens, as opposed to Staten Island. In addition, there is some evidence of increases in the volatility of gun violence during the pandemic. High volatility implies crime rates are in severe flux, which then leads to greater uncertainty and fear for public safety. This paper surfaces useful information for guiding policy and practice.
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[...]its human rights implications were not only prominent during the pandemic but also are expected to continue for many years to come. [...]the paper argues that the working conditions for these professionals were war-like. [...]this paper shows that the human rights of the vulnerable people in the Global South were undermined which is a finding that can be useful for other countries in the region.
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This paper aims to examine the responses of commercial real estate markets to COVID-19 and the implications for post-pandemic cities. Using data of Florida’s metropolitan areas in a fixed effect regression model, we find that sales volumes of retail properties decline instantly under the shock of COVID-19 but are followed by a strong recovery after one quarter. Meanwhile, COVID-19 depresses the growth rate of rent for office property, but the impact is short-term, and the office rental market bounces back to about 70 percent one quarter later. In comparison, industrial properties witness a rise in the growth rate of sales and rent price. Results indicate that urban planners may consider adjusting the amount of lands allocated to different usages to meet the evolving demands of urban space in the post-pandemic era.
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The primary purposes of this study were to examine visitor perception of Brooklyn's tourism attributes and to apply the results to the "Importance Satisfaction Analysis" (I.P.A.) to determine its strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities to increase the City 's competitiveness. Two 5-point Likert Scales were used to rate visitor satisfaction of destination attributes and the importance of the attributes to Brooklyn visitors. The sample consisted of 436 visitors to New York City and the borough of Brooklyn between 2017 and 2020. Local transportation, food, accommodations a variety of attractions and activities, and personal safety were rated high in importance and high in satisfaction. However, the results also indicated significant gaps in the important tourism service attributes and visitor satisfaction, namely in accommodations and local hospitality. As a fallout of the Covid-19 pandemic, in the foreseeable future, service quality, especially those concerned with health and cleanliness, will be paramount. This study will provide useful insights into the visitor experience as New York City charts tourism recovery post-pandemic.
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The unprecedented impact of COV1D-19 recreated our learning environment. With nearly all institutions shifting to remote teaching during the outbreak, our program was quickly tasked to transition to online instruction for two experiential courses: The May intersession New York study tour for undergraduate students and the summer internship program for graduating seniors whose internships were cancelled or could not be secured due to the pandemic. We integrated experiential learning through appointment journaling in the May intersession New York study tour and through weekly activity reports in the virtual alternative summer internship. Throughout the entire process and in logical sequence, students in both courses were able to engage in the experiential learning cycle developed by Kolb (1984). These modifications successfully connected students to fashion companies and exploratory career experiences.
ABSTRACT
Urban-scale energy simulation relies on the understanding of occupants' presence in buildings and consequently in cities. Therefore, occupancy profiles (i.e., the relative number of occupants in a specific hour of the day) are usually used in the energy simulation on the city level. However, available occupancy standard profiles are incapable of considering the dynamic nature of occupancy schedules and any changes that occurred due to contextual changes (such as the dramatic increase in remote working last year). Therefore, the need for a scalable method to generate dynamic occupancy profiles for buildings is crucial. Moreover, the targeted method should allow for tracking the changes that occur in occupancy profiles due to external disruption such as pandemics. In this context, this study aims at using the emerging mobile positioning data to generate context-specific data-driven occupancy profiles for commercial and institutional buildings in New York City. The generated profiles were then compared versus ASHRAE standard profiles for each building category. Then, the occupancy profiles were clustered for each building category, using K-means clustering algorithm. Finally, the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the peak points and shape of occupancy profiles was investigated. The results showed a significant difference between the data-driven and ASHRAE standard profiles. Additionally, a considerable variation in the shape and peak hours of the generated occupancy profile clusters was detected for some building categories. These results can be used to improve the accuracy of the urban-scale simulation models. Furthermore, they can provide a more precise evaluation of the occupant's schedules and consequently the urban scale energy consumption before field implementation of the operational strategies.
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Statistical evidence from both countries document that this increased public scrutiny of POC, by police, repeatedly occurred in the absence of substantiated criminal activity (Delsol and Shiner, 2015;White and Fradella, 2016) [8], and in the US, was ultimately deemed by state and federal authorities to have produced persistent constitutional violations [9]. According to reports and statistical data released by the New York City Police Department (NYPD), from 1994 to 2000, the deployment of BWP led to unprecedented reductions in crime and substantial improvement in the quality of life experienced by New Yorkers across varying social strata (Bratton and Knobler, 1998;Zimring, 2011) [10]. Though George Floyd was killed in the United States, the papers in this special issue help build our understanding of how intersecting global social dynamics both, internal and external to police agencies, lead to and can lead away from the next incident that will fuel serious calls for sweeping change to the policing profession. In the US, there are no reports of serious police violence against the protestors associated with the Coronavirus protests, but investigations have revealed considerable complaints of police use of force against individuals who engaged in peaceful protests against the killing of Black men, women and children (Amnesty International, 2020) – deaths that extended back several years and with perpetrators that included police officers and civilians claiming to act in a law enforcement capacity [19].
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Pandemic restrictions may have affected in-person health education such as the CDC's Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) . We interviewed staff from New York City (NYC) DPPs to a) document if/how DPPs adapted and served participants during pandemic lockdowns, and b) identify successes and challenges to operating remotely. Interviewees were lifestyle coaches and DPP coordinators representing a public hospital, a national weight loss program, a healthcare center, a community based organization, a health insurance company, a faith-based DPP, and a network of federally qualified health centers. DPPs served participants in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. Zoom interviews (1hr) were recorded and transcribed. Interviewees received a $50 gift card.DPP host organizations continued to provide DPP services during the pandemic and experienced a number of successes and challenges (Table) . NYC DPPs suffered greatly during COVID-lockdowns and limits on social gathering because they and their participants were unprepared for virtual classes. However, most were successful due to resilient, dedicated, and extraordinarily creative staff. The pandemic highlighted opportunities for successful virtual DPPs in the urban setting, and the need for more robust funding mechanisms, staff support, and technical assistance to ensure sustainability and scalability of the DPP.
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Ho asserts that on 13 March 2020, Mayor Bill de Blasio issued a state of emergency for the City of New York, removing any legal and regulatory barriers related to response efforts for COVID-19. The mayor said, "This isn't the first set of restrictions we've handed down and it will not be the last. As we learn more about COVID-19 and how it spreads, we'll continue taking steps to keep New Yorkers safe. Two days later, with 269 cases and six deaths, Mayor de Blasio announced on 15 March that all schools would close due to COVID-19 and that all students would move to remote learning. While all New Yorkers were affected by the pandemic, COVID-19 had a negative impact on the Asian American community as early as January 2020, two months before the rest of New York City. Small businesses in Manhattan's Chinatown reported sales drops of between 40 percent and 80 percent in January according to the Chinatown Business Improvement District.
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ObjectivesTo estimate the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM among Massachusetts residents and to better understand asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 transmission during the summer of 2020.DesignMail-based cross-sectional survey.SettingMassachusetts, USA.ParticipantsPrimary sampling group: sample of undergraduate students at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (n=548) and a member of their household (n=231).Secondary sampling group: sample of graduate students, faculty, librarians and staff (n=214) and one member of their household (n=78). All participants were residents of Massachusetts without prior COVID-19 diagnosis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrevalence of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Association of seroprevalence with variables including age, gender, race, geographic region, occupation and symptoms.ResultsApproximately 27 000 persons were invited via email to assess eligibility. 1001 households were mailed dried blood spot sample kits, 762 returned blood samples for analysis. In the primary sample group, 36 individuals (4.6%) had IgG antibodies detected for an estimated weighted prevalence in this population of 5.3% (95% CI: 3.5 to 8.0). In the secondary sampling group, 10 participants (3.4%) had IgG antibodies detected for an estimated adjusted prevalence of 4.0% (95% CI: 2.2 to 7.4). No samples were IgM positive. No association was found in either group between seropositivity and self-reported work duties or customer-facing hours. In the primary sampling group, self-reported febrile illness since February 2020, male sex and minority race (Black or American Indian/Alaskan Native) were associated with seropositivity. No factors except geographic regions within the state were associated with evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection in the secondary sampling group.ConclusionsThis study fills a critical gap in estimating the levels of subclinical and asymptomatic infection. Estimates can be used to calibrate models estimating levels of population immunity over time, and these data are critical for informing public health interventions and policy.
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[...]the number of annual overdose deaths increased by 37% to more than 96,000 from 2020 to 2021.1,2 Overdose deaths are so high that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has introduced harm reduction initiatives that have historically been controversial: needle exchange programs to slow the spread of bloodborne diseases and provision of fentanyl test strips to help people who inject drugs identify contaminated street drugs.3 However, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services stopped short of supporting supervised injection sites, a harm reduction strategy that has been proven to save lives in other countries.4 Supervised injection sites have been legally operating in Europe, Canada, and Australia since 1986.4 With the 2021 opening of the nation's first supervised injection sites in New York City and a growing movement advocating for expanding them to other U.S. cities, family physicians should be knowledgeable about the potential impacts of these sites.5,6 These facilities are over-seen by health care personnel who provide sterile injection supplies, counseling on safe injection techniques, emergency care in the event of an overdose, primary medical care, and referrals to appropriate social and addiction services.7 The personnel in the facilities are able to offer services to people who would otherwise inject drugs in public spaces.8 Unfortunately, because of legal considerations, the U.S. Justice Department has fought to prevent the opening of supervised injection sites despite evidence that they lower death rates and decrease disease transmission.3 Supervised injection sites improve health outcomes. The American Academy of Family Physicians issued a policy statement supporting these facilities.15 Although federal support is lacking, individual cities and states are leading the efforts to increase harm reduction strategies to prevent overdose deaths. In 2021, Rhode Island became the first state to legalize supervised injection sites, with locations to be decided in 2022.16 Family physicians have several opportunities to promote this needed change, including speaking in support of the sites at town halls, working with local advocacy groups to promote efforts to create the sites, and working with physician organizations such as the American Academy of Family Physicians to develop supportive policies.